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Night-watchman state
A night-watchman state, or a minimal state, is variously defined by sources. In the strictest sense, it is a form of government in political philosophy where the state's only legitimate function is the protection of individuals from assault, theft, breach of contract, and fraud, and the only legitimate governmental institutions are the military, police, and courts. In the broadest sense, it also includes various civil service and emergency-rescue departments (such as the fire departments), prisons, the executive, the judiciary, and the legislatures as legitimate government functions.〔Gregory, Anthory.(The Minarchist's Dilemma ). ''Strike The Root''. 10 May 2004.〕〔http://www.peikoff.com/2011/03/07/what-role-should-certain-specific-governments-play-in-objectivist-government/〕〔http://www.peikoff.com/2011/10/03/interview-with-yaron-brook-on-economic-issues-in-todays-world-part-1/〕
Advocacy of a night-watchman state is known as minarchism. Minarchists argue that the state has no right to use its monopoly on the use of force to interfere with free transactions between people, and see the state's sole responsibility as ensuring that transactions between private individuals are free. As such, minarchists generally believe in a ''laissez-faire'' approach to the economy. The rationale for this belief may be economic prosperity, moral limitations on the use of state force, or both.
==Etymology==
The phrase "Nachtwächterstaat" was coined by German socialist Ferdinand Lassalle in an 1862 speech in Berlin. He criticized the "bourgeois" liberal limited government state, comparing it to a night watchman whose sole duty was preventing theft. The phrase quickly caught on as a description of limited government, even as liberalism began to mean a more interventionist state.〔Marian Sawer, ''The ethical state?: social liberalism in Australia,'' Melbourne University Publishing, 2003, (p. 87 ), ISBN 0-522-85082-0, ISBN 978-0-522-85082-6〕 Ludwig von Mises later opined that Lassalle tried to make limited government look ridiculous, but that it was no more ridiculous than governments that concerned themselves with "the preparation of sauerkraut, with the manufacture of trouser buttons, or with the publication of newspapers."〔Ludwig von Mises, Liberalism, 1927, (p. 37 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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